Legislation & Treaties

The legal architecture
of space civilization

We develop the frameworks that will govern humanity's expansion beyond Earth — from bilateral satellite agreements to constitutions for interplanetary habitats.

6+
Active Treaty Frameworks
30+
Nations with Space Legislation
1967
Outer Space Treaty Baseline
Scroll
Service Overview

Building the foundations
for space law

The existing international legal framework for outer space — centered on the 1967 Outer Space Treaty — was designed for a bipolar world of state actors. Today's reality involves hundreds of private operators, emerging spacefaring nations, and missions that challenge every assumption those treaties made.

Vilu International bridges this gap. We advise governments and corporations on what the law currently permits, where the grey zones are, and how to shape the legal landscape that will emerge over the next two decades.

01
Analysis
Deep mapping of current treaty obligations and gaps
02
Design
Drafting legislation tailored to national contexts
03
Advocacy
Positioning clients at international negotiating tables
04
Compliance
Ongoing monitoring as frameworks evolve
Core Services

What we deliver

⚖️
Space Legislation & Treaty Development
We draft, review, and advise on national space legislation and international treaty instruments. Our work covers authorization and supervision regimes for private operators, liability frameworks, registration obligations, and coordination with existing international bodies including UNCOPUOS and ITU.
  • National space law drafting & review
  • Authorization & supervision frameworks
  • Liability & insurance regime design
  • Registration system compliance
  • UNCOPUOS representation & strategy
  • Regulatory gap analysis
⛏️
Asteroid Mining Rights Frameworks
The commercial exploitation of asteroid and lunar resources is legally contested but operationally imminent. We help clients navigate this frontier, from domestic legislation modeled on the U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act to advocacy for international property rights regimes.
  • Resource rights legal architecture
  • Operational licensing strategies
  • International advocacy positioning
  • Risk & uncertainty mapping
🌐
Jurisdiction in Orbit & Lunar Surface
Who holds authority over a spacecraft in geostationary orbit? What law applies on a private lunar base? We analyze jurisdictional questions across all orbital regimes and surface environments, providing actionable frameworks for operators and governments.
  • Orbital jurisdiction mapping
  • Lunar surface governance models
  • Conflict-of-laws analysis
  • Criminal & civil jurisdiction design
🤝
Bilateral & Multilateral Agreements
We facilitate and draft bilateral space cooperation agreements between states, and multilateral frameworks for shared infrastructure such as lunar Gateway agreements, spectrum coordination treaties, and debris mitigation protocols.
  • Intergovernmental agreement drafting
  • Artemis Accords implementation
  • Spectrum & orbital slot treaties
  • Debris mitigation protocols
Methodology

Our process

1
Diagnostic
Comprehensive mapping of your legal exposure and objectives within the current international framework
2
Research
Deep comparative analysis across jurisdictions, precedents, and pending instruments
3
Drafting
Precision legal drafting with scenario-tested language and negotiation margins built in
4
Advocacy
Strategic positioning and representation at international forums and bilateral negotiations
5
Monitor
Continuous tracking of evolving frameworks and proactive adaptation of your legal posture
Framework Reference

The treaty landscape
we navigate

1967
Outer Space Treaty
The foundational document of international space law. Establishes space as the "province of all mankind," prohibits weapons of mass destruction in orbit, and assigns state responsibility for national space activities.
Foundational
1972
Liability Convention
Establishes absolute liability for damage caused by space objects on Earth's surface and fault-based liability in space. Critical for commercial operators and insurance structuring.
Commercial
1976
Registration Convention
Requires states to maintain national registries of space objects and furnish information to the UN. Increasingly important as constellation operators register thousands of satellites.
Compliance
2015
U.S. SPACE Act
Groundbreaking domestic legislation granting U.S. citizens the right to own resources extracted from asteroids and the Moon. Catalyzed similar legislation in Luxembourg, UAE, and others.
Resource Rights
2020
Artemis Accords
Bilateral agreements between NASA and partner nations establishing principles for safe and transparent exploration of the Moon, Mars, and beyond. Now signed by 40+ nations.
Active
Emerging
Lunar Governance Framework
The next generation of space law being negotiated now — covering permanent lunar installations, resource sharing agreements, and the legal status of lunar habitats and their inhabitants.
Future
→ Voting Systems & Governance → Space Resource Policy

Ready to navigate space law?

Schedule a diagnostic consultation with our space governance team.

Schedule Consultation →